Diseases of nervous system – Parfenov V. A.

Book "Diseases of nervous system"

Author: Parfenov V. A.

ISBN 978-5-9986-0514-7

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The main methods of neurological examination, symptoms, syndromes and topical diagnosis of lesions of the nervous system are described in the textbook. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment of the main diseases of the nervous system are outlined. The textbook is aimed at the formation of clinical thinking, the ability to diagnose major neurological diseases, prescribe effective treatment and conduct timely prevention. Clinical problems and tasks in a test form will allow students and young doctors to check the assimilation of educational material, prepare for tests and exams. For students of medical universities, clinical residents and neurologists.

Book's contents "Diseases of nervous system" - Parfenov V. A.

Chapter 1

Somatic sensation disorders

1.1. Morphophysiological basis of somatic sensation

1.1.1. Tactile and proprioceptive sensation

1.1.2. Pain and temperature sensation

1.2. Patient evaluation

1.3. Clinical manifestations of sensory disorders at different levels of damage

Chapter 2

Movement disorders

2.1. Central and peripheral paresis

2.1.1. Morphophysiological characteristics of the corticomuscular pathway

2.1.2. Рatient evaluation

2.1.3. Clinical manifestations of the upper and lower motor neuron lesions, topical diagnosis

2.2. Extrapyramidal motor system, extrapyramidal disorders

2.2.1. Morphophysiological basis of extrapyramidal system

2.2.2. Patient evaluation

2.2.3. Clinical manifestations of extrapyramidal movement disorders

2.3. Coordination of movements and its disorder

2.3.1. Morphophysiological basis for coordination of movements

2.3.2. Patient evaluation

2.3.3. Clinical manifestations of coordination disorders, types of ataxias, topical diagnosis

Chapter 3

Syndromes of damage to the spinal cord, its roots, peripheral nerves, and nerve plexuses

3.1. Morphophysiological basis of the functions of the spinal cord, spinal and peripheral nerves, plexuses

3.2. Clinical manifestations of damage to the spinal cord, its roots and spinal nerves, topical diagnosis

3.3. Peripheral nerve damage

Chapter 4

Change in sense of smell. Damage to the olfactory nerve

4.1. Morphophysiological basis of the function of smell

4.2. Patient evaluation

4.3. Clinical manifestations of olfactory disorder, topical diagnosis

Chapter 5

Visual impairment. Optic nerve damage

5.1. Morphophysiological basis of the function of vision

5.2. Patient evaluation

5.3. The main neurological causes of visual impairment, topical diagnosis

Chapter 6

Disorders of the oculomotor functions, damage to the oculomotor nerves

6.1. Morphophysiological basis of oculomotor functions

6.2. Methods for evaluating oculomotor functions and pupil reactions

6.3. Clinical manifestations and causes of oculomotor dysfunction, topical diagnosis

6.4. Causes of oculomotor and pupil disorders

Chapter 7

Sensation changes in the face and head.

Damage to trigeminal nerve

7.1. Morphophysiological basis of sensation in the face and head

7.2. Assessment of trigeminal function

7.3. Clinical manifestations of sensory impairment in the face and head and chewing muscles, topical diagnosis

Chapter 8

Damage to facial muscles and taste. Facial nerve damage

8.1. Morphophysiological basis of the functions of the facial nerve

8.2. Patient evaluation

8.3. Clinical manifestations and causes of facial nerve damage, topical diagnosis

Chapter 9

Vestibulo-cochlear nerve, vestibular disorders, impaired hearing

9.1. Morphophysiological basis of hearing and the vestibular system

9.2. Patient evaluation

9.3. Clinical manifestations

9.4. Causes of vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss

9.4.1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

9.4.2. Meniere’s disease

9.4.3. Vestibular neuritis

9.4.4. Vestibular migraine

9.4.5. Central vertigo

Chapter 10

Swallowing and phonation disorders.

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves lesions

10.1. Morphophysiological basis of the functions of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

10.2. Patient evaluation

10.3. Clinical manifestations of lesion of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

10.4. The main causes of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves lesions

10.5. Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy

Chapter 11

Paresis of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Accessory nerve lesion

11.1. Morphophysiological basis and evaluation of the functions

of the accessory nerve

11.2. Clinical manifestations and causes of damage to the accessory nerve

Chapter 12

Paresis of the tongue. Hypoglossal nerve lesion

12.1. Morphophysiological basis and the study of the functions of the hypoglossal nerve

12.2. Clinical manifestations and causes of damage to the hypoglossal nerve

Chapter 13

Disorders of consciousness

13.1. Morphophysiological basis of consciousness

13.2. Forms of impaired consciousness, patient evaluation

13.3. Destructive and metabolic coma

13.4. Chronic vegetative state, minimally conscious state, brain death

Chapter 14

Disorders of higher mental functions.

Emotional and behavioral disorders

14.1. Morphophysiological basis of the higher brain functions

14.2. Clinical manifestations of disorders of the higher brain functions

14.2.1. Amnesia (memory impairment)

14.2.2. Agnosia

14.2.3. Apraxia

14.2.4. Aphasia

14.2.5. Executive functions impairment

14.2.6. Cognitive impairment, dementia, delirium

14.3. Emotional and behavioral disorders

14.4. Patient evaluation

Chapter 15

Meningeal and hypertensive syndromes, hydrocephalus

15.1. Morphophysiological characteristics of the meninges and ventricles

of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid circulation

15.2. Patient evaluation

15.3. Meningeal syndrome

15.4. Intracranial hypertension

15.5. Hydrocephalus

Chapter 16

Autonomic disorders

16.1. Morphophysiological characteristics of the autonomic nervous system

16.2. Patient evaluation and clinical manifestations of autonomic disorders

Chapter 17

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, neurogenic bowel dysfunction

17.1. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction

17.2. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction

Chapter 18

Laboratory and instrumental examinations

18.1. Needle electromyography

18.2. Electroneuromyography

18.3. Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation

18.4. Electroencephalography (EEG)

18.5. Evoked brain potentials

18.6. X-ray of the skull and spine

18.7. Angiography

18.8. Neuroimaging methods

18.8.1. X-ray computed angiography (CT angiography)

18.8.2. X-ray computed tomography (CT) of the brain and spine

18.8.3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine

18.8.4. Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT)

18.9. Ultrasound diagnostic methods

18.10. Cerebrospinal fluid testing

18.11. Morphological studies. Biopsy of skeletal muscle, nerves and skin

Chapter 19

Cerebrovascular diseases

19.1. Acute ischemic cerebrovascular accidents — cerebral infarction and TIA

19.1.1. Ischemic stroke

19.1.2. Transient ischemic attack

19.1.3. Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke

19.2. Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage

19.3. Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

19.4. Vascular dementia

Chapter 20

Peripheral nervous system disorders

20.1. Mononeuropathies

20.1.1. Facial nerve neuropathy (Bell’s palsy)

20.1.2. Рeripheral mononeuropathies. Compression (tunnel) neuropathy

20.2. Polyneuropathies

20.2.1. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain–Barré syndrome)

20.2.2. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

20.2.3. Hereditary polyneuropathies

20.3. Plexopathies

Chapter 21

Neuromuscular diseases. Motor neuron diseases

21.1. Myasthenia gravis

21.2. Progressive muscular dystrophies

21.3. Myotonia

21.4. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis

21.5. Spinal amyotrophies

21.6. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Chapter 22

Multiple sclerosis. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

22.1. Multiple sclerosis

22.2. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Chapter 23

Infectious diseases of the nervous system

23.1. Meningitis

23.1.1. Bacterial meningitis

23.1.2. Viral meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis

23.2. Viral encephalitis

23.3. Poliomyelitis

23.4. Transverse myelitis

23.5. Lyme disease (borreliosis)

23.6. Neurosyphilis

23.7. Neurological disorders caused by human immunodeficiency virus

23.8. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

23.9. Brain abscess

23.10. Subdural empyema and epidural abscess

23.11. Spinal epidural abscess

23.12. Herpes zoster

23.13. Parasitic lesions of the central nervous system

Chapter 24

Tumors of the nervous system. Syringomielia

24.1. Brain tumors

24.2. Spinal cord tumors

24.3. Treatment of brain and spinal cord tumors

24.4. Syringomyelia

Chapter 25

Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries

25.1. Traumatic brain injury

25.2. Spinal trauma and spinal cord injury

Chapter 26

Epilepsy and syncope

26.1. Epilepsy

26.2. Syncope

Chapter 27

Back pain

27.1. Causes and pathophysiology of back pain

27.2. Patient evaluation

27.3. Clinical forms

27.3.1. Nonspecific (musculoskeletal) back pain

27.3.2. Discogenic radiculopathy

27.3.3. Fibromyalgia

27.4. Diagnosis

27.5. Neck pain

27.6. Chest pain

27.7. Low back pain

27.8. Treatment

Chapter 28

Headache

28.1. Migraine

28.2. Cluster headache

28.3. Paroxysmal hemicrania

28.4. Tension headache

28.5. Medication-overuse headache

Chapter 29

Facial pain

29.1. Trigeminal neuralgia

29.2. Postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia

29.3. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia

29.4. Persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical facial pain)

Chapter 30

Main extrapyramidal disorders

30.1. Parkinson’s disease

30.2. Essential tremor

30.3. Muscular dystonia

30.4. Huntington’s chorea, Sydenham chorea

30.5. Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease)

Chapter 31

Degenerative brain diseases leading to dementia development

31.1. Alzheimer’s disease

31.2. Dementia with Lewy bodies

31.3. Frontotemporal dementia

Chapter 32

Sleep and wakefulness disorders

32.1. Physiology of sleep and wakefulness

32.2. Patient evaluation

32.3. Clinical forms of sleep and wakefulness disorders

32.3.1. Insomnia

32.3.2. Hypersomnia

32.3.3. Sleep disordered breathing

32.3.4. Sleep-related movement disorders

32.3.5. Parasomnias